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What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the notion that natural processes can cause organisms to develop over time. This includes the creation of new species and change in appearance of existing ones.

Many examples have been given of this, including different varieties of fish called sticklebacks that can live in either salt or fresh water, as well as walking stick insect varieties that are attracted to particular host plants. These reversible traits, however, cannot explain fundamental changes in basic body plans.

Evolution by Natural Selection

The development of the myriad of living organisms on Earth is an enigma that has intrigued scientists for centuries. The best-established explanation is Charles Darwin's natural selection process, a process that occurs when individuals that are better adapted survive and reproduce more successfully than those that are less well adapted. As time passes, the number of well-adapted individuals becomes larger and eventually develops into an entirely new species.

Natural selection is an ongoing process that is characterized by the interaction of three factors including inheritance, variation, and reproduction. Variation is caused by mutations and sexual reproduction both of which enhance the genetic diversity of an animal species. Inheritance refers to the passing of a person's genetic characteristics to their offspring that includes recessive and dominant alleles. Reproduction is the process of creating fertile, viable offspring. This can be done through sexual or asexual methods.

All of these variables must be in balance to allow natural selection to take place. If, for example, a dominant gene allele makes an organism reproduce and last longer than the recessive gene allele, then the dominant allele will become more prevalent in a group. If the allele confers a negative survival advantage or reduces the fertility of the population, it will go away. The process is self reinforcing which means that an organism that has an adaptive trait will survive and reproduce much more than one with a maladaptive characteristic. The greater an organism's fitness as measured by its capacity to reproduce and endure, is the higher number of offspring it can produce. People with desirable traits, such as having a longer neck in giraffes or bright white color patterns in male peacocks are more likely be able to survive and create offspring, which means they will become the majority of the population in the future.

Natural selection is only a force for populations, not individuals. This is a major distinction from the Lamarckian evolution theory, which states that animals acquire traits either through use or lack of use. For instance, if a animal's neck is lengthened by stretching to reach prey and its offspring will inherit a more long neck. The differences in neck size between generations will increase until the giraffe is no longer able to breed with other giraffes.

Evolution through Genetic Drift

Genetic drift occurs when alleles from the same gene are randomly distributed in a group. At some point, only one of them will be fixed (become common enough to no longer be eliminated by natural selection), and the other alleles drop in frequency. In extreme cases it can lead to dominance of a single allele. The other alleles are essentially eliminated, and heterozygosity is reduced to zero. In a small group this could result in the complete elimination of recessive alleles. This is known as the bottleneck effect and is typical of an evolutionary process that occurs whenever a large number individuals migrate to form a group.

A phenotypic  bottleneck can also occur when the survivors of a disaster like an outbreak or mass hunting incident are concentrated in the same area. The survivors will carry an dominant allele, and will share the same phenotype. This situation could be caused by war, earthquakes, or even plagues. The genetically distinct population, if it is left vulnerable to genetic drift.

Walsh Lewens, Walsh, and Ariew define drift as a deviation from the expected value due to differences in fitness. They cite the famous example of twins who are both genetically identical and share the same phenotype. However, one is struck by lightning and dies, whereas the other is able to reproduce.

This kind of drift could play a crucial part in the evolution of an organism. This isn't the only method of evolution. Natural selection is the main alternative, in which mutations and migration maintain the phenotypic diversity of the population.

Stephens claims that there is a significant distinction between treating drift as a force or an underlying cause, and considering other causes of evolution such as selection, mutation, and migration as forces or causes.  에볼루션사이트  claims that a causal process account of drift permits us to differentiate it from these other forces, and that this distinction is vital. He also argues that drift has an orientation, i.e., it tends towards eliminating heterozygosity. It also has a size, which is determined based on the size of the population.

Evolution through Lamarckism

Biology students in high school are often introduced to Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's (1744-1829) work. His theory of evolution, commonly referred to as “Lamarckism”, states that simple organisms transform into more complex organisms through taking on traits that result from the organism's use and misuse. Lamarckism is typically illustrated with an image of a giraffe that extends its neck to reach higher up in the trees. This could cause giraffes to pass on their longer necks to their offspring, who would then become taller.

Lamarck, a French Zoologist, introduced an idea that was revolutionary in his opening lecture at the Museum of Natural History of Paris. He challenged the conventional wisdom on organic transformation. According to Lamarck, living creatures evolved from inanimate material through a series of gradual steps. Lamarck was not the first to suggest this, but he was widely regarded as the first to provide the subject a thorough and general overview.

The predominant story is that Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection and Lamarckism were rivals in the 19th Century. Darwinism eventually prevailed which led to what biologists refer to as the Modern Synthesis. The Modern Synthesis theory denies the possibility that acquired traits can be acquired through inheritance and instead suggests that organisms evolve by the symbiosis of environmental factors, including natural selection.

Lamarck and his contemporaries supported the idea that acquired characters could be passed on to the next generation. However, this concept was never a central part of any of their evolutionary theories. This is partly because it was never tested scientifically.

But it is now more than 200 years since Lamarck was born and in the age genomics there is a huge amount of evidence to support the possibility of inheritance of acquired traits. This is often called "neo-Lamarckism" or more often, epigenetic inheritance. This is a version that is as valid as the popular neodarwinian model.

Evolution through the process of adaptation

One of the most commonly-held misconceptions about evolution is being driven by a struggle to survive. This view misrepresents natural selection and ignores the other forces that are driving evolution. The fight for survival can be more precisely described as a fight to survive within a specific environment, which can be a struggle that involves not only other organisms but also the physical environment.

To understand how evolution operates it is important to think about what adaptation is. It refers to a specific characteristic that allows an organism to survive and reproduce within its environment. It could be a physiological feature, like feathers or fur or a behavioral characteristic such as a tendency to move to the shade during the heat or leaving at night to avoid cold.

The ability of an organism to extract energy from its surroundings and interact with other organisms, as well as their physical environments, is crucial to its survival.  무료 에볼루션  must possess the right genes to create offspring, and it must be able to find sufficient food and other resources. The organism should also be able reproduce itself at the rate that is suitable for its specific niche.

These factors, in conjunction with mutations and gene flow can result in a shift in the proportion of different alleles within a population’s gene pool. As time passes, this shift in allele frequencies can lead to the emergence of new traits, and eventually new species.

A lot of the traits we admire about animals and plants are adaptations, for example, lung or gills for removing oxygen from the air, feathers or fur for insulation long legs to run away from predators, and camouflage to hide. However, a complete understanding of adaptation requires attention to the distinction between physiological and behavioral traits.

Physiological adaptations, like thick fur or gills are physical characteristics, whereas behavioral adaptations, like the tendency to search for companions or to move to the shade during hot weather, aren't. In addition, it is important to understand that a lack of thought is not a reason to make something an adaptation. Failure to consider the implications of a choice even if it seems to be logical, can make it inflexible.